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Factus
est
Xth
MMXIX
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Add
heat
to
crystal
This
is
a
small
one
dimensional
slice
of
a
crystal
of
silicon.
At
zero
Kelvin
all
the
electrons
are
bonded
to
the
neighbouring
silicon
atoms.
Such
a
crystal
is
called
an
intrinsic
semiconductor.
Semiconductors
Factus
est
Xth
MMXIX
Semiconductors
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
As
The
pure,intrinsic
,crystal
of
silicon
can
have
an
impurity
added
to
its
structure.
This
impurity
is
the
element
arsenic.
It
has
5
valence
electrons.
Adding
such
an
impurity
is
called
doping
the
crystal.
Click
the
dope
the
crystal
button
to
add
the
impurity
Dope
the
crystal
See
the
results
The
crystal
has
now
a
free
moving
electron
in
its
structure.
This
is
just
one
small
part
of
the
crystal.
Over
all
the
crystal
there
will
be
lots
more
extra
electrons.
The
crystal
becomes
a
much
better
conductor.
This
is
an
example
of
a
n-type
semiconductor
This
is
an
example
of
a
a
n-type
semiconductor
n
Factus
est
Xth
MMXIX
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
In
Dope
the
crystal
Instead
of
doping
with
an
impurity
atom
with
5
valence
electrons,
an
impurity
atom
such
as
Indium
with
only
3
valence
electrons
is
used.
These
3
valence
electrons
form
bonds
but
leave
a
space
in
the
crystal.
See
the
results
This
type
of
doping
creates
holes.
This
gives
space
for
the
electrons
to
move
into.
This
doped
semiconductor
is
called
a
p-type
semiconductor.
When
you
think
about
it
it
is
the
holes
that
are
moving
This
is
an
example
of
a
p-type
semiconductor
Semiconductors